The high-density rearing of commercial birds has put the spotlight on poultry vaccination to boost immunity and protect against strains of pathogens. The prevalence of Newcastle diseases among turkeys, ducks, birds, geese and guinea fowl has prompted several countries to bolster their policies. In essence, Victoria, Australia, has made vaccination for Newcastle disease mandatory. The U.S., meanwhile, reported 57.53 million poultry animals grappling with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), as of December 2022.

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